6. TABLES
6.1. Purpose
The purpose of tables is to specify:
i. for the unpack actions (50 and 51) the 'destination'
locations and changes in format required.
ii. for the edit and condense actions (52 and 53) the 'source'
locations and changes in format required.
6.2. Table entry sheets - general
Tables are entered on table entry sheets (see specimens, Appendices
C & D). The entries in the heading block on this sheet are
described in section 6.3.
In the main body of the sheet one table entry (normally the details
for one word of information) is entered on each line. These entries
are given a pre-printed serial number, so that any entry may be
referred to uniquely by quoting its section number and serial
number within the section.
The entries in the various columns are described in 6.4.
If a table is too long to go on one sheet, continuation sheets may
be used (see Appendices C & D for specimens). The serial numbers
must be arranged to follow in sequence right through the table, but
no serial number may exceed 96.
6.3. Heading block entries
6.3.1. Section number
This indicates the number of the section which the table
occupies. It must be in the range 100 - 998 (see section
4.3.2).
6.3.2. Type
This indicates the action using the tables:
1 = Edit (action 52)
2 = Condense (action 53)
3 = Unpack fixed field data (action 50)
4 = Unpack variable field data (action 51)
(For tables used by more than one action see section 6.5.)
6.3.3. Name and Notes
These may contain further description of the table and
its uses.
6.4. Table entries - details of columns
6.4.1. First Item
This column holds the location to which the table entry
applies, in reference and item form. It may not refer to
a transit area. In condense tables, a sequence of items
may be described by one table entry if they are to be
selected from consecutive locations and dealt with in the
same way. In this case this column holds the source
locations of the first item.
6.4.2. Last Item
If a sequence of items is being described by a single
entry in a condense table, this column holds the source
location of the last item. (The reference must be the
same as for the "first item"). If the "first item"
is greater than the "last item" no condensing will take
place for this table entry.
In all other cases this column should be left blank.
6.4.3. Short/long/alpha
Each table entry must have this column completed. It
indicates the form of the item(s) in the location(s)
specified at the beginning of the entry, as follows:-
Amendment No. 10
March, 1963.
Section 6.4.4.
0 = short numeric form
1 = long numeric form
2 = alpha form
6.4.4. Single / to B.E
.
This column may be used in the last entry on type 4 (unpack
variable) tables only. If the entry refers to a single item the
column is left blank; if the entry refers to a sequence of items
terminated by a line end or block end, 1 must be entered in the
column.
6.4.5. Number (of characters)
This column may be used in type 1 (edit) and type 3 (unpack fixed
tables only.
When used for unpack fixed, it specifies the number of characters
in the item. If no entry is made, 16 characters will be unpacked.
When used for edit, it specifies the number of characters of the
'source' item to be copied to the transit area, counting characters
from the more significant end of the word. (See section 6.4.6 for
an example). If no entry is made 16 characters will be edited if
the item is in numeric form and none if it is alpha form.
The maximum number of characters which may be specified is dependent
on the short/long/alpha entry as follow:-
Short/long/alpha Maximum number
of characters
___________________________________
| | |
| 0 | 5 |
| | |
| 1 | 10 |
| | |
| 2 | 5 |
|________________|__________________|
6.4.6. Discarded
This column may be used in type 1 (edit) tables only. It enables
selected characters from a word to be edited, by specifying how
many characters in the item are to be discarded before copying
begins, counting from the more significant end.
Amendment No. 17
June, 1963.
Example:
Location N' contains CODES in alpha.
Various possible combinations which can be edited by one table entry
are given in the following tables:-
______________________________________________________________
| To be edited | Number of characters | Number to be discarded |
| | | |
| COD | 3 | 0 |
| | | |
| ODE | 3 | 1 |
| | | |
| DES | 3 | 2 |
| | | |
| OD | 2 | 1 |
| | | |
| S | 1 | 4 |
| | | |
| E | 1 | 3 |
|______________|______________________|________________________|
6.4.7. Spaces
This column may be used in type 1 (edit) tables only. It enables
space characters to be inserted before any item that is being edited.
The maximum number of spaces that can be specified in this column
in one table entry is 15. (However, by editing a zero compartment
numerically, it would be possible to specify 25 spaces with one
table entry).
6.4.8. Zeroes
This column may be used in type 1 (edit) tables only. It enables
non-significant zeroes to be represented by spaces instead of zeroes
for the specified number of characters, counting from the more
significant end. (The entry in the column must not exceed the
entry in the 'number' of characters only).
6.4.9. Sign
For type 1 (edit) tables. 0, 1, or 2 may be entered in this column.
0 means item will not be signed in its destination (whether or not
the sign bit is set in the source).
1 means item is signed and if it is negative the sign is required
in card form (i.e. 1 is added to the control quartet of the
most significant character of the field).
2 means item is signed and the sign is required as a separate
character (the least significant in the field) which will be a
space character if the item is positive and a negative sign if
the item is negative.
For type 2 (condense) tables, 0 or 2 may be entered in this column.
0 means item will not be signed in its destination (whether or not
the sign bit is set in the source).
2 means item is signed and if it is negative the sign is required
as a separate negative sign character (the least significant in
the field).
For type 3 (unpack fixed) tables. 0 or 1 may be entered in this
column.
0 means item will not have the sign bit in the destination.
1 means item will have the sign bit in the destination set if
the item is to be in numeric form and the most significant
character in the source has a control quartet of the form
4p + 1.
For type 4 (unpack variable) tables, this column is left blank.
The sign bit in the destination is set if the item is to be in
numeric form and any character in the source is a negative sign
character.
6.4.10.Sterling
This column may be used in type 1 (edit) tables only. Any sterling
amount that is being edited, provided that it is being edited as
pounds, shillings and pence, may have this column set at 1 in each
of the three entries. If this is done the entry in the "Zeroes"
column must also be equal to the entry in the "No." column for the
shillings item.
The effect of this is as follows:
If the pounds item contains significant digits one non-significant
zero will be suppressed for the shillings item, otherwise all
none-significant zeroes will be suppressed for the shilling item.
The sterling indicator must be submitted in three consecutive
table entries, but if several consecutive tables are obeyed as
one the three sterling entries can be split by a new table heading.
6.4.11.Last table entry
The last table entry for any table must have 1 in this column.
No other table entry should have an entry in this column.
Several tables may be submitted under the same directive (i.e. on the
same sheet) provided that each has 1 in this column for its last
entry. Also several tables can be obeyed as one by omitting the
last table entry from all but the final table. All tables in a
set must be of the same type.
6.5. Use of Tables for more than one action
6.5.1. It is possible under certain circumstances to use the same table
for:-
(a) condense and unpack variable
(b) edit and unpack fixed
6.5.2. Condense and Unpack Variable
This table has entries as specified in section 6.4. for condense
tables except that it may have in addition an entry in the
single/B.E. column. The 'table type' in the heading block ie 2.
The circumstances in which the same table can be used are:-
(i) If each item has a separate table entry (so that the 'last
item' and 'single/to B.E.' columns are not used).
(ii) If the table consists of one entry only, in which the
'last item' and 'single/to 'B.E.' columns are both used.
(iii) If the table consists of several separate entries as in
(i) followed by one entry as in (ii).
Amendment No. 10.
March, 1963
6.5.3. Edit and Unpack Fixed
This table has entries as specified in section 6.4. for edit tables.
The 'table type' in the heading block is 1.
Two points should be noted:-
(i) If two items are edited from one location (e.g. using
the 'discard characters' facility) the original contents
of the location will not be re-formed on unpacking; the
location will contain simply the last item to be unpacked.
(ii) If the 'spaces' column is used for edit, these spaces will
not be removed on unpacking.
6.6. Note on Edit Tables
The following rule must be observed when writing an edit table:-
If x = the sum of entries in 'number' column for all table
entries up to and including the last table entry
y = sum of entries in 'spaces' column for all table entries
up to and including the last table entry,
z = number of times 'sign' column contains entry '2',
then x + y + z must be a multiple of 5 to avoid having spurious
characters in the last word.
To achieve this, extra space characters may be edited before the
line-end or block-end character.
If, however, this character it required in the 121st or 161st
character position (see section 13.6), then a word may be edited
of which the line-end or block-end is the most significant character.
If zero occurs in the number column and the item is not in alpha
form 16 should be added to x.
Amendment No. 17
June, 1963
7. CONSTANTS
7.1. General
In Intercode the need for holding many constants is avoided
by the use of literals. Other constants may however be required
(e.g. alphabetic constants and complete tables of numbers) and
these are written on constant sheets - see specimen (Appendices
C & D).
The entries in the heading block on this sheet are described in
section 7.2. In the main body of the sheet one constant is
entered on each line. These lines are given pre-printed serial
numbers so that any constant may be referred to uniquely by
quoting its section number and serial number within the section.
If a constants section is too long to go on one sheet continuation
sheets may be used (see Appendices C & D for specimens). The
serial numbers must be arranged to follow in sequence right
through the section, but no serial number may exceed 96 (long
constants) or 97 (short constants).
7.2. Heading block entries
7.2.1. Section number
This indicates the number of the section which the
constants entered below are to occupy. It must be in
the range 100 - 998 (see section 4.3.2).
7.2.2 Type
This indicates the use of the section as follows:-
0 means each constant is to go in a short word.
1 means each constant is to go in a long word.
In fact there are two different types of sheets as the
pre-printed serial numbers differ in the two cases (see
specimens).
7.3. Details of method of entering constants
7.3.1. Type of constants (normal)
The following types of constant may be entered:-
Alpha constants
'Decimal' constants
Binary patterns
Binary numbers
Relative address constants
Every constant must be of one of these types or of a
combination of them and is entered as described in
sections 7.3.2. to 7.3.7. below. The first of a group
of constants of the same type must be preceded by a
directive letter as described below. The first constant
in a section must be preceded by a directive letter.
7.3.2. Alpha constants
Each symbol will be represented in the store in alpha
form, i.e. as an octet. The six symbols (; , "line end"
"Block end") are not permitted; if it is required to hold
(for example) a block end as a constant, it must be written
in its control and basic quartet form i.e. 714. The first
of a group of alpha constants must be preceded by the
directive (A).
Example:
_________________________________
|| | | ||
|| 0 | (A)MR.JO | ||
||______|_______________|__________||
|| | | ||
|| 2 | NES sp sp | ||
||______|_______________|__________||
7.3.3. 'Decimal' constants
Each symbol will be represented in the store in numeric form,
i.e. as a quartet. Negative constants are permitted and will
be held in sign and modulus form.
Amendment No.10
March, 1963.
Section 7.3 (Cont'd)
The first of a group of 'decimal' constants must be preceded by
the directive (D).
Example:
_______________________________
|| | | ||
|| 0 | (D) 178 | ||
||______|______________|_________||
|| | __ | ||
|| 1 | 193014- | ||
||______|______________|_________||
7.3.4 Binary Patterns
Each symbol, 0 or 1, will be represented in the store by a single
bit. Negative constants are permitted and will be held in sign and
modulus form. The first of a group of binary pattern constants must be
preceded by the directive (P).
Example:
_______________________________
|| | | ||
|| 3 | (P) 10100- | ||
||______|______________|_________||
|| | | ||
|| 4 | 0 | ||
||______|______________|_________||
7.3.5 Binary numbers
These are submitted in decimal, converted, and held in store in
binary. Negative constants are permitted and will be held in sign and
modulus form. The first of a group of binary number constants must be
preceded by the directive (B).
Example:
_______________________________
|| | | ||
|| 6 | (B) 8191 | ||
||______|______________|_________||
|| | | ||
|| 8 | 2- | ||
||______|______________|_________||
|| | | ||
|| 10 | 87 | ||
||______|______________|_________||
7.3.6 Relative address constants
These are indicated by the directive (R) or (C), and are submitted
in the form reference/colon/item. The item must be positive, and the
reference must not be a transit area. Where the reference is a procedure,
or table, or constants section, the item measures distance from the
procedure start in the computer code expansion, which is one-for-one with
the Intercode for tables and constants.
R and C are interchangeable for a constant which is not 'mixed'
(see 7.3.7), but in a mixed constant the R directive yields a 15-bit
address and the C directive a 16-bit address (essential for computers
with more than 4 divisions).
Amendment No. 26
6/0 June 1964
Section 7.3 (Cont'd)
7.3.7 Mixed constants
It is possible to have 'mixed' constants in which several of the
above types appear in one word. Each type must be introduced on the
first line by its appropriate directive. In subsequent lines the
directives are not required provided each type occupies the same part
of the word as on the first line; the types are then separated on the
sheet by commas. Thus it may be necessary to write non-significant
zeros on the first line to indicate the size of the space to be allotted
to a particular type.
In the first line of a group of mixed constants, if the directive B
occurs, it must be followed (within its brackets) by the number of bits
the type is to occupy.
Relative address constants (which occupy 15 bits for an R directive
and 16 bits for a C directive) may only occur at the least significant
end of a mixed constant.
Negative decimal or binary constants are permitted and held in sign
and modulus form if they are the most significant type in the constant;
otherwise in the form of complements.
Example:
_________________________________________________
|| | | ||
|| 0 | (D) 0123- (B9)511 (R) 53 : 17 | ||
||_____ _|_______________________________|_________||
|| | | ||
|| 2 | 7014, 32, 2 : 21 | ||
||_______|_______________________________|_________||
6/0 Amendment No. 26
June 1964
Section 8
8. PROGRAMME SHEETS
8.1 General
As described in section 3, the sheets on which a programme is
submitted to the translator are:
Programme Heading Parameters sheet
Section Description sheet
Coding sheet
Table Entry sheet
Constants sheet
Programme End sheet
Start and End of reel sheets
The uses of the coding, table entry, and constants sheets have
already been described (see sections 4, 6 and 7). The remaining
sheets are described below.
For specimens, see Appendix C.
8.2 The Programme Heading Parameter Sheet
This sheet is expected by the Translator at the head of all
programmes. The first line is a sentinel indicating the start of the
paper tape file submitted to the Translator. The second line 'PROGM'
identifies the programme. A typical entry might be:
_______________________________________________
|| | | | | ||
|| PROGM | 142 | 17 | 23 | X Y Z LTD ||
||________|________|________|_______|____________||
This would be the 23rd version of programme 142, 17. The programme
numbers and version must be numeric.
The third line 'ENTRY' contains:
(i) the number of the first procedure that is to be obeyed (which
need not be the first submitted).
4/0 Amendment No. 20
November 1963
Section 8.3
(ii) priority class - an entry in the range 1 to 4 as follows:
1 = Master Programme
2 = Data vetting and pseudo off-line runs
3 = Normal processing jobs
4 = Low priority programmes
(iii) spaces for the coder's and checker's initials (up to 5 characters
in each space).
In the rest of the sheet the files used by the programme must be
listed, one on each line as indicated by the notes on the form. The
details given are:
File identity (see note 3 on form) for each file
Route type (see note 2 on form) for each file
Chapter number, where chapter 0 = special chapter
Maximum block size (in long words) for each file
Alternate route required indicator
(this is set at 1 when more than one route is required for a
particular file, e.g. a multi-reel magnetic tape file. It
applies to paper tape input and magnetic tape only).
8.3 The Section Description Sheet
This sheet is expected by the Translator at the head of all
programmes immediately after the programme heading parameters sheet.
The first line 'CHAPS' specifies the number of chapters (see
section 10) in this programme and the first procedure of each of them
in chapter order. Chapter start points must be specified in the order
in which the chapters are submitted to the Translator. Chapter order
cannot be altered simply by transposing, the start points; the chapter
coding must also be moved. Each chapter start point must be the first
instruction of a procedure, or the first item in a table or constant
section.
After the CHAPS block is an optional block STORE, which is only
relevant for computers with two blocks of storage (i.e. more than 4
divisions). The entries in this block are the numbers 1 or 2, for as
many positions as there are initial chapters in the programme, including
the extra chapter (see section 10). The number 1 indicates first block
of store, i.e. that containing the Master Programme, and the number 2
indicates the second block of store, in which the designated chapter
will be preferentially allocated.
On the remainder of the sheet the details of all sections not
occupied at the start of the programme must be specified, one on each
line.
Amendment No. 28
7/0 November 1964
Section 8.4
The details given for each such section are:
Section number
Length (in long words)
Transit area indicator (0 = normal section 1 = transit area)
Chapter number (see section 10) where chapter 0 = special
chapter
Name (if any)
8.4 The Programme End Sheet
This must be the last sheet of the programme. It has three blocks,
the first containing the word END, the second a sentinel indicating the
end of the paper tape file submitted to the Translator and the third a
zero block as described in section 12.2.3.
8.5 Sheet Numbers
All sheets other than:
Programme heading parameters sheet (see section 8.2)
Section description sheet (see section 8.3)
Programme end sheet (see section 8.4)
Amendment run heading sheet (see section 15.2)
Start and End of reel sheets (see section 8.6)
must be numbered, starting from 1, in the order in which they are to be
submitted to the Translator. The numbers are entered in the space
provided at the top of each sheet. The Translator will report on any
data submitted out of sequence although no other action will be taken.
8.6 Start and End of Reel Sheets
A maximum of 100 programme sheets may be perforated on one reel of
paper tape for submission to the Intercode Translator (see section 16).
If more than one reel is required for a programme, a Start of reel
sheet must be placed before the sheets for all reels except the first,
and an End of reel sheet after the sheets for all reels except the last.
A 2-digit reel number must be inserted on the Start of reel sheet
giving the reel number (starting at 02 for the second reel).
Amendment No. 21
5/0 January 1964
Section 9
9. ANNOTATION
Up to 40 characters of annotation may be submitted against each
line of the Intercode programme, with the exception of Post-Mortem
Points and trial data. This annotation can comprise any characters
except the control characters 'block end', 'line end' and 'alignment
mark'.
Amendment No. 26
6/0 June 1964
Section 10
10. CHAPTERS
10.1 General
The unit for storage allocation is the chapter, which must not be
greater than one division of store (8192 compartments). The programmer
is required to divide his programme into two or more chapters, if it is
longer than 1 division, by specifying chapter start addresses; this is
done on the CHAPS block (see section 8.3) where a procedure number is
entered corresponding to the first procedure/table/constants section in
the new chapter. Chapters are numbered sequentially from 1; and annexes
and programmer's sections are specified on the appropriate sheets with
a chapter number, showing into which chapter they will be translated.
Pass 3 of the Translator prints out the chapter lengths, and start
positions within chapter of all procedures/sections/annexes, so that the
programmer may decide how to split his programme should any chapter be
longer than 8192 compartments.
The programme loading sequence allows for a maximum of 7 chapters
including the extra chapter; the programmer may use up to 14 chapters,
where the seventh and following overlay earlier chapters (see action
152 and Appendix H to Part 2 of this volume).
10.2 Extra Chapters
In addition to the chapters specified by the programmer, the
Translator generates an extra chapter. This holds 204 locations of
allocation details for the Master Programme and the Programme Loading
Sequence, followed by 20 locations for each distinct convert table used
in the programme (i.e. generated by actions 63 to 65, 93), followed by
all sections specified as being in chapter 0, followed in turn by all
annexes specified as being in chapter 0. The Translator sets the extra
chapter length at a minimum of 500 locations, since prior to the use of
this space for sections/annexes, the programme loading sequence will be
placed therein.
10.3 Chapter Lengths
In choosing chapter lengths, the programmer should bear in mind
the requirements of programmes which are to time-share with his own;
indeed it may be necessary to conform to the rules of the installation
as to how much space may be used by particular types of programme.
Since the Translator deals with inter-chapter references as inter-
division references, by inserting extra instructions, a more efficient
programme may result from one large chapter than several smaller ones.
Amendment No. 21
5/0 January 1964
Section 10.3 (Cont'd)
A translated chapter results in computer code in which the
expansion varies between 20% and 100% approximately, according to
programming techniques and type of programme. Particular note should
be taken of ways in which large expansions result, mainly in group 4
and group 5 actions, and certain forms of modification (see section 11
and part 2, Appendix B of this volume); it is often advantageous to
place input/output sequences in a subroutine, and to use the 'absolute'
method of addressing multi-record blocks (see part 2, Appendix B). An
additional technique to save space taken by sections is the use of the
'dummy overlay' instruction to address the procedures at the start of a
chapter as a section, e.g. when these procedures correspond to a lengthy
prep stage in the programme (see Appendix H to part 2 of this volume).
Amendment No. 21
5/0 January 1964
11. MODIFICATION OF INSTRUCTIONS
11.1 Modification registers
Intercode provides up to 20 modification registers; the group 9
actions, which use these, are described in section 5. Numbers 1,
2 and 3 are 'hardware' modification registers; the others are
simulated by the translation process. Whenever possible
modification registers 1 - 3 should be used.
11.2 Modification types
In the definitions of Intercode actions, modification types are
given as 1 and 2. Modification of a type 1 action is more
efficient generally than modification of a type 2 since in type 2
the modification has in effect to be simulated by the translator.
A comparison of the times is shown below.
11.3 Modification times
The following. table shows the approximate time and extra
instructions required for the various types of modification.
All extra instructions are inserted by the translator. A
modification register with a number higher than 3 is a store
compartment situated in the chapter in which it first occurs.
______________________________________________________________________
| Modification |Modification| Modifies a |Extra time |Number of |
| type |Register | reference |in |extra |
| |Number | to |microseconds |instructions|
|______________|____________|_______________|_____________|____________|
| | | | | |
| 1 | 1 - 3 |This chapter | 18 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 - 3 |Another chapter| 52 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 - 3 |Transit area | 70 | 1 |
| 1 or 2 | > 3 |This chapter | 52 | 1 |
| 1 or 2 | > 3 |Another chapter| 375 | 7 or 9 |
| 1 or 2 | > 3 |Transit area | 375 | 9 |
| 2 | 1 - 3 |This chapter | 70 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 - 3 |Another chapter| 325 | 8 |
| 2 | 1 - 3 |Transit area | 375 | 9 |
|______________|____________|_______________|_____________|____________|
Section 11.4
11.4 Example
If another chapter is referred to by a modification register
with a number higher than 3 which is first used in this chapter, the
computer code instructions which the Translator inserts are:
0/1/0 Copy ABC
0/0/3 Set C binary
6/0/0 Parameter value for other chapter
4/0/0 Add value of modification register
2/0/0 Transfer to W/L
0/1/1 Restore ABC
24/1/2 Modify next instruction address
11.5 Notes on Negative Numbers in Modification Registers
11.5.1 The 'modify' routines of the hardware assume that the registers
hold data in complement form, and negative modification is obtained
by complementing the modifier with respect to bit 16 (32,768) for a
1 to 4 division machine, and bit 17 (65,536) for a 5 to 8 division
machine before setting the register. The effect is to address a
store cyclic within 4 or 8 divisions, such that division 0 = division
4, etc.
The Translator will complement negative modifiers with respect to
bit 17 in the case of the 90 and 93 actions, but the programmer must
do this for actions 91 and 92. The extra bit 16 in the complement does
not affect addressing on a 1 to 4 division computer.
11.5.2 To ensure correct testing for end in the 94 and 97 actions, if the
modifier and end values are of different sign, or both negative, each
must have bit 16 or 17 added when the modification register is first
set up. This is done automatically by the Translator for action 90,
by adding bit 17, but the programmer must do this for action 91.
11.5.3 If by accident a negative modifier is set in the register without
first complementing, the number -x will in general behave as +x in a
modified action. In certain cases, attempts to obey the modified
action will cause lockout. Further, if such a register is stepped,
overflow will occur.
11.5.4 Negative step values are held in modulus form, with bit 13 of the
instruction address functioning as a sign bit. Hence no step value
may numerically exceed 4095. Bit 13 (4096) is added to the modulus of
the step value by the Translator for action 94, but must be done by the
programmer for action 97.
Amendment No. 26
6/0 June 1964
Section 12
12. FILE CONTROL
12.1 General
File control is carried out by the Master Program under the direction
of the program file control actions (group 4, see section 5).
The use of the Master Program in this way means that the program must
obey certain rules; these rules are stated below since they are
binding on the use of the Intercode file control actions. No
justification for them is included since they are fully dealt with in
Volume IV of the Users' Manual which describes the Master Program.
The medium of the file is described by a route type on the Program
Heading Sheet. The following is a list of available route types,
which do not necessarily all exist on a given installation;
supplementary descriptions are given later in the section.
Route Type Medium
1 7-hole PT output, in a 6-bit code with odd parity
inserted by the hardware in a fixed position (see 13.5)
2 Non-standard 80-column card output (see 12.5)
3 Standard (decimal) 80-column card output (see 13.3)
4 Anelex printer on Standard Assembler (see 13.6, 14.1)
5 5 or 7-hole PT input (see 12.7, 13.4)
6 80-column (decimal) card input
7 Magnetic tape, first Assembler (see 13.1)
8 Magnetic tape, second Assembler (behaves as 7
if only 1 assembler)
9 Anelex printer on special Assembler (see 13.6)
10 80-column non-standard card input (see 12.6)
11 Magnetic tape, third Assembler (behaves as 7
if only 1 or 2 assemblers)
12 Autolector (see 12.11)
13 40-column card input (Uptime reader) (see 12.12)
14 Special form of dual printer (see 19) for software use.
All file control orders must be in computer code.
15 Dual input (PT or cards) (see 12.9)
16 Non-standard PT Output (see 12.8)
17 Cheque Sorter (see 12.13)
18 Non-standard 40-column card input (see 12.12)
19 Dual printer i.e. special or standard assembler
(see 12.10)
20 Data Transmission Link input (see 12.14)
22 Data Transmission Link output (see 12.15) Amendment No.40
8/8 June 1967
Section 12.2
12.2 Sentinel Blocks
12.2.1 Computer - Prepared Files
At the head of each output file (except printer files) the Master
Programme writes a 'Start of File' sentinel block containing the
identity of the file. On input this block as a whole is not made
available to the programme, although some of the information it
contains is left in register A after opening a file (see note (vi)
to action 40).
At the conclusion of each output file (except printer files) the
Master Programme writes an 'End of File' sentinel block. On input this
block is not made available to a programme.
On magnetic tape only, the Master Programme writes another standard
block before the End of File sentinel. This further block is made
available to the programme, and contains:
Word 1 : Serial numbers as usual (see section 13)
Word 2 : 5 alignment mark characters
Word 3 : 'FINIS'
Word 4 : Block end word (see section 13)
12.2.2 A Card Input File must include Start of File and End of File
sentinels. These are placed automatically on computer-produce files
(see section 12.2.1) but on other files they must be prepared manually.
The layout of the sentinels is given in section 12.2.4.
Amendment No. 27
6/1 August 1964
12.2.3 A Paper-Tape Input File must include:
i. Start of File sentinel (at start of first reel).
ii. Start of Reel sentinels (at start of all reels except
the first).
iii. End of Reel sentinels (at the end of all reels except
the last). This must be followed by a zero block.
iv. End of File sentinel (at end of last reel). This
must be followed by a zero block.
These are placed automatically on computer-produced files
(see section 12.2.1) but on other files they must be prepared
manually. The layout of the sentinels is given in section 12.2.4.
12.2.4 Sentinel Block layouts on Paper Tape and Cards
Characters Contents
1 - 5 Each has control 7 and basic 1. This forms a sentinel
indicator, so that no data block may have its first
five characters in this form.
6 - 8 Identity number of programme suite.
9 - 10 For computer-produced files, identity number within suite
of programme which produced the file. For other files
any characters.
11 File identity letter.
12 For computer-produced files, file identity number, for
other files, any character.
13 Sentinel type:
1 = Start of reel or file
2 = End of reel (paper tape only)
3 = End of file
14 - 15 Paper tape: Reel number (starting at 01) This need not be
specified on end of reel or file sentinels.
Cards : Spaces
16 Paper tape: Block end character
Cards : Space
Remaining
Columns on Spaces
card
Section 12.3
12.3 Input and Output Notes
12.3.1 Parity Checks
For media other than cards, parity is checked by the equipment
and action taken, if necessary, by the Master Programme.
When a parity error is discovered on paper tape input the block
must be re-read, so that the operator must re-align the file manually.
As a check on re-alignment the operator aligns the file to read in the
last correctly read block. The Master Programme maintains a record of
the first two words of the last correctly read block and uses this to
check the re-alignment.
In order to strengthen this check, the programmer should ensure,
if possible, that the first two words uniquely identify the block.
12.3.2 Serial Number Checks
The Master Programme provides a block serial number test on
magnetic tape. Any similar check required on other media (e.g. punched
cards) must be provided by the programme.
12.3.3 Blank Cards
A card Input File should not contain completely 'blank' cards.
Any blank cards will be ignored (i.e. not made available to the programme).
12.3.4 Printer Form Length
For 'on-line' printing using route type 9 forms should not exceed
one block in length.
12.3.5 Time of Closing Input Files
On input files, if the Close File instruction is given when the
'End of File' sentinel is not the next block, a comment is made in
the log and the file closed. The programme continues.
Amendment No 27
6/1 August 1964
Section 12.4
12.4 Re-alignment
12.4.1 Rewind (Action 45)
A file which has been rewound must be opened before further
use.
Following a rewind, a file may be opened as an input or an
output file. Checks are performed to ensure that the same
file is concerned as was opened initially.
12.4.2 Accuracy of Run Back (Action 46)
The accuracy of the 'run back' action is not guaranteed
when the alignment marks are within eighty words of the block
end word of the block containing the alignment marks. In such
circumstances additional time may be taken as the Master
Program aligns the tape to the specified block, due to its
failing to find the marks at the first attempt.
12.4.3 Restart Facilities
The Master Program does not provide any restart facilities.
To enable programs to provide these if required, the facility
to change the function of a file by running to alignment
marks is provided, but this facility must not be used to
replace block(s) in the middle of a file.
12.5 Non-Standard Card Output
This is used to punch cards other than in the format
available with decimal card output, e.g. in a binary code
for another computer or with triple punching in a column
(cf. section 13.3). The file is specified as route type 2
on the file description sheet, and the output order assumes
that the programmer has set up the bit pattern required by
the hardware in his output section.
The medium is handled exactly as for decimal cards, by the
Master Program; thus an open file order causes a start
sentinel to be punched, and similarly for a close file order.
Output is from a 26-word section, where no special character is
needed to indicate the end of the information. A full
description of the hardware requirements is given in Volume I,
Section 16.4.2, of which the following is an abbreviation:
The first and second words of the section are to be clear.
8/9 Amendment No. 3/41
March 1968.
Section 12.5 (Cont'd)
The 80 bits comprising the third, fourth words correspond
to the 80 columns in the top row of the card, i.e. the 'tens'
row; the presence of a bit indicates a hole is to be punched,
where bit 1 of the third word = column 1, i.e. LHS of card,
bit 2 = column 2, etc.
The fifth, sixth words define the second row, and so on.
8/9 Amendment No. 3/41
March 1968.
Section 12.6
Note: (i) These words must all be positive.
(ii) To avoid difficulty in punching/reading a weakened
card, programmers should not cause more than half the
card to be used, e.g. alternate columns should be blank.
12.6 Non-Standard Card Input
This is used to read cards which contain multiple punching in a
column, beyond that needed to cover the LEO III alpha code; for
example, to read non-standard card output, or cards produced by another
computer. The file is specified as route type 10 on the file description
sheet; this will cause an even route number to be allocated to the
programme, where in fact a card reader is connected simultaneously to an
even and odd route (usually 4, 5 or 6, 7). An open file order will read
the sentinel in the standard (decimal) mode, on the even route, and
initiate the reading of the first card of the file in the same mode.
Thus the programme's first read order will make available this card,
which is normally some form of run heading card; this read order also
initiates the reading of the second card of the file in the non-standard
mode, on the corresponding odd route number. Subsequent read orders will
call the odd route number. The close file order will cause an EDG comment
as the sentinel is expected by the Master Programme to be in decimal format
(cf. section 12.3.5).
The layout of a section containing a non-standard card is as follows:
Word 0' = columns 1,2 (24 bits) with column 1 in bits 18 to 29,
row 10 = bit 18 and column 2 in bits 30,31 ... 40,S2
with row 10 = bit 30.
Word 2' = columns 3,4 etc.
Word 78' = columns 79,80.
Bits 1 to 17 of the words will be cleared by the assembler. Note
that the form of the input section is not suitable for non-standard card
output.
12.7 Non-Standard Paper Tape Input
No special provisions are made by the Translator or Master
Programme to distinguish non-standard from standard paper tape. A key
on the PT reader desk causes each read order to read one word into the
store ignoring parity checks.
The 'open file' (and associated promote read) is omitted; the
programme's first read order will make available a blank section, and
the second read order, the first 5-character word in the most
significant end of the first word of the section. Similarly, the xth
read order makes available the (x-1)th word. The close file order is
also omitted.
5/1 Amendment No. 24
24 May 1964
Section 12.8
12.8 Non-Standard Paper Tape Output
On installations where paper tape is punched with one machine code
output action per character, i.e. using the General Purpose Assembler
(the alternative arrangement outputs 5 characters at a time), file
control orders for route type 16 (non-standard PT O/P) function as
follows:
(i) open file: tests route available, but punches no sentinel.
(ii) close file: sets route to manual, without punching a sentinel.
(iii) output: punches the given block, terminated by a block end
character, but does not output the block end character itself.
This facility is used for punching in a 7-hole code different
from LEO III alpha code, and all file start/reel end/reel start/file
end sentinels are punched by the programmer using the normal output
facility. 6-bit characters are punched as specified with odd parity
inserted by the hardware. There is a facility to detect warning of
end, and the punching of a doubtful character, both described in note
(iii) to the 43 action description.
12.9 Dual Input (Paper Tape/Card)
This is route type 15, and the allocation routine will choose either
a paper tape route or an 80-column card route according to the following
logic:
(i) Test Master Programme indicator set for 'preferred input = PT'
If so, attempt to allocate a paper tape route; if no paper tape
route available, allocate card; if neither available, reject
allocation.
(ii) If the indicator is set for 'preferred input = card', attempt to
allocate a card route; if no card route is available, allocate
paper tape; if neither available, reject allocation.
The indicator is normally fixed for each installation's Master
Programme although certain Master Programmes may allow a command to
change it at run time.
The 'open file' action 40 will leave (B) = 5 if paper tape was
allocated and 6 if card was allocated. The 42, 41 actions work normally,
and the difference in unpacking or interpreting the data is handled by
the programmer.
Note: All file control actions for route type 15 must be in an
initial chapter, which is never subsequently overlayed into
the store again.
Amendment No 28
7/0 November 1964
Section 12.10
12.10 Dual Printer
This is route type 19, designed so that without programme amendment
the programme may be run using either the special or the standard Anelex
printer (cf. route types 4 and 9). Multi-line blocks can be printed on
either type of printer by this method. A programme can contain not
more than two files of route type 19.
The columns on the Programme Heading Parameters Sheet are used in a
non-standard fashion, as follows:
Column Contents
File Identity (as required)
Route Type 19
Chapter of Annexe Two decimal digits, of which either or both
can be zero (see below for these cases).
Indicates the chapter position (not Intercode
chapter number) into which the transit area
and annexe respectively will be translated.
Block Size Block length for standard printer, a multiple
of 64 (i.e. as if route type 4).
Alternate Route Indicator Block length for special printer, i.e.
as if route type 9.
As an extra transit area is generated in the programme, whose length
will be zero if a special printer is allocated or a multiple of 64 words
(the same as the printer annexe) if a standard printer is allocated.
Special Printer
The position of the annexe will be at the end of the indicated
chapter, following the print subroutine (see below) if this is the extra
chapter. If the indicated chapter is zero, the annexe is treated
temporarily as a further chapter, and eventually placed at the end of
some existing chapter, but so as to give the most favourable allocation
of storage.
Standard Printer
The positions of the two annexes will be at the end of their
indicated chapters, following the print subroutine if the chapter is the
extra chapter. If one or both indicated chapters are zero, one or two
temporary further chapters are created; allocation then proceeds as
described in the preceding paragraph.
Amendment No. 28
7/0 November 1964
Section 12.10 (Cont'd)
Print Subroutine
The expansion of the 43 action consists of an entry to a
subroutine in the extra chapter, with parameters. This
subroutine occupies 16 locations if a special printer is
allocated or 50 locations if a standard printer is allocated.
The subroutine is placed in the extra chapter after all
'normal' annexes or sections, but before the print annexes.
It should be noted that the chapter sizes stated in the
machine code summary of a program, do not make allowance
for the print subroutine or standard printer annexes. This
should therefore be taken into consideration when determining
how much space a program will occupy in store.
12.11 Autolector
This is route type 12 which reads input document data straight
into program. All information whether of doubtful block
condition or not is read into the transit area. The programmer
must deal with the doubtful block condition by using a
continuation line with his input action. If no doubtful
block link is present ZZZO3 will occur. Two input areas must
be specified. The close file action sets route to manual.
12.12 40-Column (Uptime) Card Reader
The major difference between this reader and the 80-col
reader, is that on the uptime reader there are two output
hoppers so that a primary sort can be made while reading.
These are used as 'normal' and 'reject' hoppers. The choice
is made by an 'output' instruction for each card read; also,
any card for which the 'output' instruction arrives too late
is automatically directed into the 'reject' hopper.
12.12.1 Action 40 Open File
Behaves as for 80-col card input, the Master Program directing
the sentinel card into the 'reject' hopper and initiating the
reading of the first data card. Normal sentinel checks are
made.
8/9 Amendment No 3/41
March 1968
Section 12.12 (Cont'd)
12.12.2 Action 42 Read Card
Behaves as for 80-Col card input.
12.12.3 Action 43 Output Card
The output section number in the first C-line is to be the same as for
the associated read order. Register A is to contain zero at the start
of the action to address the 'reject' hopper, and to contain 1 to
address the 'normal' hopper. The second C-line contains a procedure
start address to which control is passed (binary radix registers A and
B indeterminate) whenever the card arrives in the 'reject' hopper,
either because it was meant to or because the 43 action came too late;
the programmer should verify the choice. The maximum permitted delay
is about 15 milliseconds.
12.12.4 Action 41 Close File
Behaves as for 80-Col card input. The Master Program directs the end
sentinel into the 'reject' hopper.
12.12.5 Non-standard Mode
Actions 40 and 42 behave as for 80-Col card input, see section 12.6.
The other actions behave as for the Standard mode.
12.13 MICR Cheque Sorter/Reader
This peripheral is controlled by Intercode actions 132, 133, 134, and
135, described below. It reads data at a constant rate, with an input
'pipeline' of three cheques. The computer code 'read' order causes a
data transfer for the current cheque and also maintains the data flow;
if the read order is late, cheques in the pipeline are automatically
diverted to the 'reject' pocket, and if it is absent for a sufficient
time the data flow will stop. After reading, a cheque can be directed
into one of 13 pockets, automatically going into the 'reject' pocket if
the computer code 'pocket select' order is too late.
The medium is treated as single-annex (unbuffered) input. Following
a read order, the Master Program delays return to the cheque sorter
program until the route ceases to become engaged, without obeying other
programs in the priority queue. The computer is in the non-interrupt-
ible mode between return to program after the read order and entry to
Master for the 'pocket select' order, so that no delays occur here due
to time-sharing.
8/0 Amendment No. 32
July 1966
Section 12.13 (Cont'd)
Any program time-sharing with the cheque sorter program should have lower
priority, and have no channels in common with it (so as to avoid error
conditions which wi11 hold up both programs); in particular, the cheque
sorter program should have a MT assembler to itself.
12.13.1 Action 132 - Open File
The cheque sorter is given a conventional file identity and an annex of
nominal length 1 word. The purpose of the 132 action is to test device
ready, and set up the time annex for the sorter to coincide with the
stated input section.
Action : 132
Reference : file identity
Item : input section number (transit area)
N.B. No other input/output device must use this section number in a
file control action.
12.13.2 Action 133 - Read
The action is used for the first and all subsequent cheques. According
to the setting of the literal, the data transfer terminates at one of
two special symbols in the data and the time to perform the action
varies. The input section is cleared in the action expansion, before
the read order. The action has a return address in its c-line, to
which control is passed as follows:-
a) one of the characters in the cheque was doubtful and has been
replaced by the quartet value 14, with the word containing it set
negative: control is returned to the first instruction of the
indicated procedure with binary radix set and registers A,B
indeterminate.
b) one of the cheques in the pipeline is a "batch end" ticket, and
all cheques should now be tested for the end sign (otherwise the
test can be omitted for speed): control is returned to the
second instruction of the indicated procedure, with binary radix
set and registers A,B indeterminate.
Action : 133
Reference : file identity
Item : input section number (as for the 132 action)
Amendment No. 32
8/0 July 1966
Section 12.13.2 (Cont'd)
Literal : 0 = terminate data transfer at 'serial end' symbol
1 = terminate data transfer at 'sort code end' symbol
C-line address : procedure start address (see above) for detection
of unusual conditions.
For the three possible exits from the action, the computer remains
in the non-interruptible mode. The appropriate 'pocket select' order
must in all cases now be obeyed before any other file control order.
12.13.3 Action 134 - Pocket Select
The required pocket is indicated by Q1 of the first word of the input/
output section, Q2-10 being zero. This takes values 0-11 for the 12
normal pockets and 15 for the 'reject' pocket. The action has a return
address in its c-line, to which control is passed if the 134 action
came too late (the cheque will be automatically placed in the 'reject'
hopper), with binary radix and registers A,B indeterminate.
Action : 134
Reference : file identity
Item : section number as used for the 132, 133 actions
c-line address : procedure start address for detecting late pocket
select
12.13.4 Action 135 - Step Batch Counter
This action is not yet available.
12.13.5 Form of Data in the Store
Cheques pass from left to right under a read head, and the characters are
read as quartet values 0-9, with 4 special symbols 10-13 and the 'doubt-
ful' value 14. Data transfer into a 10-quartet buffer register begins
when the first special symbol is read, which is also treated as part
of the data. The first character appears in the Q1 position, the next
in the Q2 position, etc. The buffer register is transferred to the next
store address whenever another special symbol is read, this appearing
both at the most significant end of the current word and at the least
significant end of the next word. Data transfer stops on the recognition
of one of two special symbols.
8/0 Amendment No. 32
July 1966
Section 12.14
12.14 Data Transmission Link Input
Single annex (unbuffered) input is used. The file annex is
given a nominal length of one word, and is not used for data transfer.
All data is read into one specified transit area; this section
must be the only one referred to in file control actions for this
file and must not be used in file control actions for any other file.
The file control actions are I/C actions 40 and 42, and, if desired,
a second C-line to the read action may be used to specify a procedure
number to which control will be returned in the event of the
detection of a "doubtful block" condition.
12.15 Data Transmission Link output
Normal double annex working is used. The file control instructions
are identical to those for normal non-standard card output,
(see 12.5). However a second C-line to the output order is
mandatory in this case. Control will be returned to the
specified procedure in the event of the detection of a doubtful
block. If no return link is specified the Master Program will close
the program, giving a ZZZO3 comment, and the program must be abandoned.
Amendment No. 40
8/8 June 1967
Section 13
13. BLOCK LAYOUTS
13.1 Magnetic Tape
13.1.1 The first two words of each block will, on output, be
over-written by the Master Program; on input the first
two words will contain information written by the Master
Program. The first word contains, in fact, the serial
number of the block within the reel, the second contains
a count of the number of doubtful blocks that occurred on
trying to write this block.
13.1.2 Block End Word
At the end of each block for output there must be a word
containing BE - 6 zero quartets - BE. This word is written
on the tape and read back into the store on input. After
input the word need not be replaced before subsequent output.
13.2 Alpha/Numeric Punched Card Input
13.2.1 Information is read into the first word of the block
(i.e. the first word is not left clear). The maximum block
size quoted in the program heading parameters sheet must be
at least 16 words. (Reasons for quoting a block size greater
than 16 are given in section 14).
13.2.2 The first word of the block must not contain five '/'
characters (i.e. control quartet of 7 and basic quartet of 1),
unless the block is a 'Sentinel'.
13.3 Alpha/Numeric Punched Card Output
The first word of the block is ignored on output. The
first character of the second word is punched in the first
column of the card. A block end character may be inserted
anywhere in the block, other than in the first word, and
will cause output to cease, although it will not be punched.
If a block end character is not inserted earlier, it must
be placed in the 81st character position (in this context
the first character is the most significant octet of the
second word). Only numeric characters 0-11, alphabetic
characters A - Z, and space may be output.
8/9 Amendment No 3/41
March 1968.
13.4 Paper Tape Input
13.4.1 The first word of the block must not contain:
a. five '/' characters (i.e. control quartet of 7 and
basic quartet of 1), unless the block is a sentinel.
_
b. five | | characters (i.e. control quartet of 5 and
basic quartet of 15). This pattern in the first word
is used as an indication that parity failure occurred
on output and has not been corrected. In these
circumstances the program is unloaded.
13.4.2 Each block must conclude with a 'block end' character.
13.5 Paper Tape Output
Each block must conclude with a 'block end' character.
13.6 High Speed Printer
The first word of each line must be a 'function' word,
as follows:-
Function Represented by
Zero line feed B17 (facility not available
for route type 4)
1 line feed Spaces
Move paper to next hole
on plastic tape in track 1 B1
2 B2
3 B3
4 B4
5 B9
6 B10
7 B11
8 B12
8/9 Amendment No. 3/41
March 1968.
(13.6) More than one of these bits may be present, in which case the first
hole reached in any of the tracks indicated stops the paper movement.
In addition, for printing using route type 4 the following bits of
the function word are used:-
Function Represented by
Print space characters in
positions 1 - 40 B37
41 - 80 B38
81 - 120 B39
121 - 160 B40
Any combination of these bits may be set by the programme. Bit 40
is automatically set by the translator for installations having a 120
character printer. The spaces are additional to any put in the
output section by the programmer, e.g. if bit 38 only is set, then
the first 40 characters after the function word will be printed as
characters 1 - 40, the next 40 as characters 81 - 120, and so on.
For files using route type 4, each block consists of one line only
which must conclude with a 'line end' or 'block end' character
occurring on or before the 161st character (not including the function
word). This character is not printed.
If the 'line end' or 'block end' occurs earlier than the 161st
character, all characters after the last information character, up
to and including character 40, 80, 120 or 160 (whichever comes next)
are printed as spaces. Unless the appropriate bit of the function
word is set, subsequent characters will be the same as those on the
previous line but one. This is important if mixed long and short
lines are being printed.
(13.6) For files using route type 9, each block may consist of any
number of lines. Each line must conclude with a 'line end'
character, except the last line which must be terminated by a BE
character. When a LE character occurs in a word, all following
characters in that word are ignored and the next word is treated
as the function word of the next line. The most significant
character in the word after this will be the first character
printed in the following line.
Care should be exercised that the block end does not occur in
a word which will be treated as a function word in multi-line
blocks.
Amendment No. 10
March, 1963.
Section 14
14. TRANSIT AREAS
14.1 Definition
Transit Areas are those areas of the store used for input or output
of data. There are two types of transit area, annexes and input/
output sections:
Annexes
One annexe is created by the Translator for each file with the
exception of card output files and printers on the Standard Anelex
Assembler (route types 3, 4). For these, two annexes are created
which have the following lengths:
route type 3 2 annexes each of (26 + 2) words
route type 4 2 annexes each of (192 + 2) words (120 col. printer)
2 annexes each of (256 + 2) words (160 col. printer)
The block length of printers on route type 4 specifies the GP
annexe required:
64 words columns 1 - 40
128 words columns 1 - 80
192 words columns 1 - 120
256 words columns 1 - 160
All other annexes have the length specified on the File
Description sheet with 2 words added.
Annexes are placed in the programme's special chapter inserted
by the Translator, and are not directly addressable by Intercode
actions. Of the pair of annexes required for route types 3 and 4,
the first appears as an 'input/output section' in the Pass 3 heading
results and the second as an annexe; although both are situated in
the special chapter.
Input/Output sections
These areas are allocated for each section indicated as a
transit area on the Section Description Sheet, and for which an
input or output instruction exists in the Intercode programme.
The exception is a section used solely for output on a file of
route type 3 or 4, as orders are inserted into the object programme
to move the data from this section to one of the pair of annexes
before the output instruction is obeyed. The length of the area
allocated is the length as given on the section description sheet
plus two words. An input/output section is not directly accessible
to the peripheral equipment.
Amendment No. 19
4/0 October 1963
Section 14.2
The Master Programme keeps a list of the starting addresses of all
transit areas. Data can then be 'transferred' between annexes and
input/output sections by interchanging the starting addresses in this
list, thereby interchanging the functions of the areas. In the case of
route types 3 and 4, however, data is physically transferred from
output section to the two annexes alternately. Rules for using transit
areas are given in sections 14.2 to 14,6 below.
14.2 Input and Output instructions may make reference to any input or
output section, and one section may be used for input or output on
several files.
14.3 Input into specified section will overwrite the previous contents.
Output from a specified section will corrupt the contents of that
section (i.e. successive output instructions must not be given from the
same section unless data is placed in that section after each
instruction), except for files of route type 3 or 4.
14.4 Total Area Required by Annexes
Subject to the rule in section 14.5 the total area required by
annexes is the sum of:
| Σ | [ | maximum block size quoted for file on programme heading parameters + 2 |
] | words | |
| for all files except those having route types 3 or 4; and | |||||
| Σ | [ | Annexe area as specified in section 14.1 | ] | words | |
for all files having route types 3 or 4.
This total area must not exceed 3,966 words.
The Master Programme uses the programme transit areas in order to
read/write sentinel information. This means that annexes and input/
output sections must have the following minimum lengths:
Magnetic Tape 10 words
Paper Tape 8 words
Amendment No. 28
7/1 December 1964
14.5 Sets of transit areas
An annexe or input/output section is said to belong to a certain
set of transit areas if data is transferred between that annexe
or input/output section and any other member or members of the set
by interchanging functions of areas. (Note that a transit area
can only belong to one set).
The two annexes used for files of route type 3 and 4 are not
included in the set with the associated output section, since
data is here transferred physically.
The section length or maximum block size quoted in the programme
heading information must be the same for all members of the set
and must be the largest of the individual values.
An example of the effect of this rule is given in section 14.6.
Amendment No.17
June, 1963.
14.6 Example of store space required for transit areas
Consider a programme with:-
Input Files with maximum block size (words)
A6 40
B1 100
C1 50
D3 20
Output Files
A0 40
B0 100
D0 20
The programme uses the following input/output sections:-
SECTION 7 acts as both Input section for file A6
and Output section for file A0
SECTION 8 is used as Input section for D3
SECTION 12 is used as Output section for D0
SECTION 13 is used as Input section for B1 and C1
and as Output section for B0
SECTION 14 is used as Input Section for C1
The relationship between input/output sections and files may be
depicted:-
A6 A0
(40) ——————————> SECTION 7 ——————————> (40)
B1 B0
(100) ——————————> SECTION 13——————————>(100)
______/
C1 _____/
(50) ——————————> SECTION 14
D3
(20) ——————————> SECTION 8
D0
SECTION 12 ——————————>(20)
It will be seen that there are 4 'sets of transit areas:-
(14.6) 1 Annexes for files A6, A0; Section 7. It follows from section
14.5 that the length quoted for each member of this set must be
40 words.
2. Annexes for files B1, C1, B0; Sections 13, 14. The length
quoted for each member of this set must be 100 words.
3. Annexe for file D3; Section 8. The length quoted for each
member of this set must be 20 words.
4. Annexe for file D0; Section 12. The length quoted for each
member of this set must be 20 words.
SECTION or APPARENT LENGTH WHICH
ANNEXE for file LENGTH MUST BE QUOTED
A6 40 40
B1 100 100
C1 50 100
D3 20 20
A0 40 40
B0 100 100
D0 20 20
---
420
---
7 40 40
8 20 20
12 20 20
13 100 100
14 50 100
---
280
---
Total storage space required for annexes is thus (420 + 14) words -
434 words (see section 14.4).
An addition (280 + 10) words i.e. 290 words is required for input/
output sections. This area may be divided by the programmer between
chapters according to the available apace.
Section 15
15. PROGRAMME AMENDMENTS
15.1 Introduction
When a programme is amended, the Translator reads the Intercode
programme file produced at the last run for this programme in parallel
with amendments submitted on Paper Tape/Cards. The amendments are
identified either by a data type (for the programme heading information)
or by the line serial held on the programme file against the data it is
required to amend. The amendments are to be submitted in ascending line
serial order, preceded by an amendment heading block, and followed by
the end sign as for an initial translation.
Specimens of the data sheets used are given in Appendices C and D.
15.2 Amendment Heading Block
This specifies the suite, job and serial of the programme to be
amended; following this is the trial indicator, the printout indicator,
and the new issue number of the programme.
Trial Indicator
This is either blank, or the letter 'T'. Blank indicates that the
PTS programme is not to be written into the programme tape, i.e. the
programme cannot be trial allocated (this does not prevent the programme's
containing trial data, or its being amended this run). 'T' indicates that
the PTS programme is to be written onto the output tape.
Printout Indicator
This is a combined indicator controlling both the amount of Inter-
code and the amount of computer code printed.
0 = reduced Intercode, reduced computer code
1 = reduced Intercode, full computer code
2 = full Intercode, reduced computer code
3 = full Intercode, full computer code
The full Intercode printout consists of the entire programme held
on the file, and is obtained automatically at an initial translation.
The reduced Intercode printout includes the programme heading with the
files, chapter and section description, and subsequently is governed by
the following conditions:
(i) if any procedure, table or constants section is amended, the
complete procedure is printed. This includes procedures inserted
in the current amendment. All incoming and internal sequence
changes are printed.
Amendment No. 28
7/0 November 1964
Section 15.3
(ii) if the number of the procedure alters as a consequence of the
insertion/deletion of procedures elsewhere in the programme, the
procedure is printed, together with incoming and internal sequence
changes.
(iii) all reported lines are printed, if not included in (i) or (ii).
(iv) whenever the address of an instruction or table entry alters as a
result of insertions/deletions elsewhere in the program although this
particular line has not been amended, the entire procedure containing
the line is printed.
(v) the post-mortem points are always printed.
(vi) the entire trial data set, in which there is an amendment, is
printed.
The reduced computer code printout consists of the heading information
followed by the section start, location of switches/item + counters/indirect
modification registers, followed by the procedure start address (12 per line).
The full printout displays the contents of each location on the programme
tape with its parameter, by procedure.
New Issue Number
The value submitted here, if non-zero, replaces the top 3 digits of
the brought forward programme serial. The two least significant digits of
the serial are stepped by 1 at each amendment, but return to 0 when 99 is
stepped.
15.3 Amendment of Programme Heading Information
The Programme Heading Parameters Sheet, incorporating the file
description, is amended by re-submitting the sheet; by this means file
identities, number of files, entry point, programme identity, etc. are
all taken from the new sheet.
The STORE block can be replaced or inserted, but not deleted.
The chapter structure of the programme is amended by replacing the
CHAPS block. The section description is amended according to the method
given in 15.5.
15.4 Amendments of Instructions, Table Entries and Constants
15.4.1 General
Each instruction, table entry and constant is given a serial number
during Pass 1 of the Translator and items are amended by reference to this
serial number which will have been printed by the Translator during Pass 2.
The first three digits of the serial number are the Translator's reference
number and the last two digits are the Translator's item number (see section
16.3). There are four types of amendment, as described below.
8/0 Amendment No. 31
May 1965
Section 15.4 (Cont'd)
15.4.2 To Replace Items Starting at Serial Number S
The serial number of the first item to be replaced is entered in
the serial number column of the amendment sheet followed by an 'R'. The
amendment is then written as for normal coding beginning at the same line
as the directive. Translator's reference and item numbers must be used
(see section 15.4.1). The first of each set of replaced constants must
be accompanied by a constant directive, i.e. A, R, C, D, B or P.
If the NOTES block is being replaced, then a fresh 'replace'
directive must be given for both this line and the next replaced line
in the procedure.
15.4.3 To Delete Items with Serials S1 to S2 inclusive
The two serial numbers are entered on the amendment sheet, the first
being followed by a 'D' in the serial number column. If the second line
does not occur, a single item is deleted. No entries are required in
other columns.
If the deletion begins in one procedure and ends in another, then
the amendment must be submitted as a pair of deletions, the second of
which must start at the beginning of the second procedure. For example,
to delete from 21746 to 21807 where the last line of procedure 217 is
21754 the amendment must be submitted as a pair of deletions 21746D/21754,
21800D/21807.
A NOTES block can be deleted as a single line deletion, but a
deletion 'from... to...' must not begin at a NOTES block.
In the special case where a procedure contains too many entries as the
result of previous amendment, so that there are several lines with line
serial xxx98 (tables or long constants) or xxx99 (instructions or short
constants), then a deletion of the form xxxxxD/xxx98(99) will delete up
to and including the first line with serial xxx98(99). The single
deletion xxx98(99)D will delete all lines with that serial.
15.4.4 To Insert Items Before Item of Serial Number S
The serial number is entered and followed by a 'T'. The inserted
item(s) are then entered, starting on the next line. The first of each
set of inserted constants must be accompanied by a constant directive,
i.e. A,R,C,D,B or P. To enable references to be made to items with the
insertion, these may be given five-digit serial numbers by the programmer.
Each such serial number must be unique within the programme. The
first three digits of such a number must be different from the first
three digits of any serial number existing before amendment. As with the
'Replace' facility above, Translator's reference and item numbers must be
used throughout.
7/1 Amendment No. 29
December 1964
Section 15.4 (Cont'd)
These serial numbers should only be used if it is necessary to
refer by an instruction to an item within an insertion, and not more than
50 may be used on any one amendment run. If a unique reference has been used
within an insertion to address a long location, the serial plus one cannot
be used to address the odd half. If insertions are made at the end of an
existing procedure they must be addressed as if they were continuations of
the procedure, without the use of unique references. Any other current
insertions or deletions to this procedure are to be ignored in predicting
such addresses. The odd half of a constant or table entry inserted in
this way can be addressed by the predicted (odd) serial number.
A NOTES block must not be inserted before the first line of a TABLE or
a PROCEDURE. The block is not essential for correct translation, and can
safely be omitted.
15.4.5 To Replace Annotation of Instructions Starting at Serial Number S
The serial number is entered and followed by an 'A'. Only the
annotation is changed and this is completely replaced. The annotation is
to occur in the same position in a block as it would for a 'replace'
directive, i.e. indented by the appropriate number of 'number end'
characters. The facility can be used to amend section description,
directive blocks PROCR/TABLE/CONST/NOTES, and constants, instructions or
table entries.
When amending annotation on a directive block the directive
PROCR/TABLE/CONST and the procedure number must be left blank.
If the annotation of NOTES block is being replaced, then a fresh
directive must be given for both this line and the next replaced line in
the procedure.
8/6 Amendment No. 38
March 1967
Section 15.4 (Cont'd)
15.4.6 Amendments Affecting Procedure Headings
(i) Insertion of a New Procedure
The directive block PROCR/TABLE/CONST is indented
by one number end, e.g. it may be written in the
'action' column for the PROCR block, with the procedure
number written in the 'reference' column, and the
annotation beginning in the 'item' column.
The number chosen for the new procedure must be
different from all procedure numbers in the brought
forward program, and any other procedures being inserted.
Lines in the inserted procedure must be addressed
without the use of the 'Unique Serial' facility
(see 15.4.4), by using the number of the inserted
procedure and an item within procedure beginning at
02 for the first line, increasing by 1 for instructions/
short constants and by 2 for table entries/long constants.
The 'P' facility may be used for internal sequence
changes, instead of the procedure number.
Note: A new procedure may only be inserted before
the start of another procedure, or before the END
directive.
(ii) Deletion of a Procedure
If the directive line is deleted, the Translator will
assume that the entire procedure has been deleted and
will report any lines addressing that procedure.
Any remaining data in that procedure will be amalgamated
with the previous procedure; but this practice is to
be avoided as reference to the amalgamated data
(e.g. sequence change, or addressing a constant) will
not be adjusted for the new position of the data.
(iii) Replacement of a Procedure Heading
A TABLE type may be altered by replacing the directive
block, but no other amendment is acceptable; the pro-
cedure number cannot be changed, and a short constants
section cannot be changed into a long constants section
and vice versa.
8/9 Amendment No 3/41
March 1968.
Section 15.4 (Cont'd)
15.4.7 Note on Re-allocation of Serial Numbers and
Adjustments made to
Addresses
(a) In the case of insertions or deletions within a procedure, table,
or constant section, new serial numbers will be allotted to
subsequent items within this procedure, table, or section.
The following adjustments are made by the Translator to addresses
of instructions:
(i) Any instruction or table entry addressing a deleted item
should have its address amended in the current amendment run;
the Translator will comment if this is not done, since in this
case the resultant address may not be acceptable to the
programmer. However, the address printed with the comment
will be the actual value used in calculations.
(ii) Any instruction or table entry referring to an item which
occurs after an insertion or deletion in a procedure, table,
or constants section has its address adjusted to refer to the
new position of that item.
No adjustments are made by the Translator to relative address
constants; the programmer must amend these if necessary.
(b) If a complete procedure, table or constants section is inserted or
deleted, all subsequent serial numbers will have their first three
digits changed. Any references to subsequent items by instructions
or table entries will be adjusted by the Translator to address the
new positions of these items. The procedure number (but not the
item) of relative address constants is adjusted by the Translator.
The printout in Pass 2 will contain the procedure before adjustment
but the translation will use the adjusted procedure. Note that
unique serial numbers cannot be used as relative address constants.
15.5 Amendments to the Section Description
Each line of the section description is given a serial number during
Pass 1 of the Translator, consisting of an asterisk followed by a 4-digit
number. This number takes values 1001 by increments of 1 to a maximum of
1099 (corresponding to 99 possible section numbers).
The method described in 15.4.2 to 15.4.4 is used to replace/delete/
insert sections, where the serial number specified on the coding sheet
includes the asterisk; e.g. to replace the first section, the directive
has *1001R. It is not possible to insert a new section before the first
procedure start: however, the insertion can be made before the final
section, which is also included in the insertion, and simultaneously
deleting the line containing the final section.
The directive 'replace annotation' is acceptable for amending
section description.
Amendment No. 24
5/1 May 1964
Section 16
16. TRIAL FACILITIES
This section should be read in conjunction with the
08005 program specification (Volume V of the Users' Manual)
and the Program Trial System Specification (Volume IV of
the Users' Manual).
16.1 Program Trial System
This is a sequence of orders written onto the program tape,
and held in the computer when this program is trial allocated,
fulfilling two main purposes:
(i) To set up input magnetic tape files at run time, from data
held on the program tape and amendable by the
Translator or 08005, thus removing the need to reserve
tapes or to write data generator programs.
(ii) To allow intermediate and final states of the program's
store area to be written onto a magnetic tape, for
display at the end of the program under trial, or as
a separate run (this decision depends upon the
installation performing the trial).
16.2 PTS is written onto the program tape for an initial
translation if a TRAMD directive is submitted or if an
indicator is submitted in the AMEND block (see section 15.2),
and only read into the computer if the program is 'trial
allocated' (see Volume IV); when used, it causes the program's
storage requirements to be increased by 1500 locations.
16.3 Trial Data
This is the data held on the program tape to be copied at
run time onto the program's input tapes. A full description
of the data submitted to the Translator for inserting,
replacing or deleting this information is given in the 08005
program specification.
16.4 Post-Mortem Points
These are points within the program at which the contents
of storage are to be dumped, the program then continuing as
normal. The programmer indicates up to 20 potential points
by writing TRACE in the first five characters of annotation
of an instruction, and then indicates a particular choice by
data submitted to the Translator or 08005 quoting the Inter-
code line serial of the line containing TRACE.
8/9 Amendment No. 3/41
March 1968.
Section 16.5
16.5 Use of the Translator to Amend Trial Data or Post-Mortem Points
Data is submitted as for 08005, the heading block TRAMD
replacing the Intercode end sign END and following all Inter-
code amendments. If required, the 08005 data file can be
fed directly to the Translator, thus by-passing the main
translation routines but automatically adding PTS to the
output program tape.
8/9 Amendment No. 3/41
March 1968
Section 17
17. THE OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME
17.1 Programme File
The Translator output magnetic tape file contains the Intercode
programme, followed by the Programme Loading Sequence, followed in
turn by the computer code programme.
17.2 Allocation
When a programme is to be run, a command is given to the Master
Programme which causes it to read a control block (see Volume IV,
Part 1, section 7); this control block specifies the programme identity
and serial, and causes the Master Programme to search the programme file
for the heading block placed at the start of the loading sequence for
the programme. The first part of the loading sequence is read in by the
Master and entered. Control remains with the loading sequence until the
programme is in the store.
17.3 Programme Loading Sequence
This is a standard sequence of orders generated by Pass 3 of the
Translator before the computer code programme. It consists of six parts,
interspersed with the allocation requirements of the programme as
follows:
(i) Unloader routine - to update the 'facilities available' tables
for any programmes in the store which have reached end or been abandoned
by command.
(ii) 'Allocate storage' routine - to decide into which parts of the store
the programme shall be loaded.
(iii) Block giving all allocation requirements except routes, transit
areas.
(iv) 'Allocate routes, transit areas' routine.
(v) Up to three blocks giving routes, transit areas requirements.
(vi) 'Allocate floating point/mod. group/tag' routine.
(vii) 'Update facilities table/form programme parameters' routine.
(viii) 'Load programme' routine.
(ix) Computer code programme.
17.4 Parameters
In the operational programme as it is presented to the Master
Programme, each short word has associated with it a 'parameter'
occupying the next short word.
Amendment No. 28
7/0 November 1964